Wednesday, October 30, 2024

Seven Research Topics on the emerging technologies disrupting the world of science








The link between science, innovation, and technology is crucial: rapid technological advances create new opportunities for scientific progress in healthcare, communication, energy production, and more, essential for society's progress.

In an impactful partnership, Frontiers joined the World Economic Forum to identify the top 10 emerging technologies in 2024. The result is a report that highlights tech advancements with the potential to revolutionize how we connect, tackle climate change, and propel scientific discovery forward.

Frederick Fenter, Frontiers' Chief Executive Editor, emphasizes how the report draws on the expertise of a global network of field editors to offer deep insights into breakthrough technology and its transformative potential for improving societies, economies, and individual lives.

Inspired by this collaboration, we’ve curated seven Research Topics harnessing the power of transformative technologies. From AI-powered plant disease detection to the future of digital health and big data in medicine, these research communities are tackling critical worldwide challenges across diverse fields.
1 | Recent Advances in Big Data, Machine, and Deep Learning for Precision Agriculture

This Research Topic explores how big data, machine, and deep learning algorithms are being applied to precision agriculture and plant health. It also investigates how these tools can be used and improved in the future to aid food security, mainly involving the integration of state-of-the-art technologies.

This topic brings together researchers from diverse fields and specializations, such as plant bioinformatics, computer engineering, computer science, agricultural engineering, environmental engineering, food engineering, information technology, and mathematics.

View Research Topic
2 | Artificial Intelligence and Bioinformatics Applications for Omics and Multi-Omics Studies

Researchers present new bioinformatics tools and computational approaches to the analysis of omics data, or the application of existing tools, toward a more complete interpretation of biological phenomena, with applications in personalized medicine and biotechnology.

The omics sciences have revolutionized research in areas such as biology, biotechnology, medicine, and agri-food sciences. At the same time, the production of large-scale data has led to strong demand for appropriate computational tools for their management, analysis, and interpretation. All these factors make this Research Topic highly relevant for omics and multi-omics studies.

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3 | Remote Sensing for Field-based Crop Phenotyping

This Research Topic studies field-based crop phenotyping through different remote sensing platforms and sensors coupled with diversified algorithms. The topic investigates achievements for determining multi-sensor integration methods, image processing ways, and retrieval modeling algorithms to improve the accuracy and robustness of crop phenotype assessment, which can be used for accelerating crop research, breeding efficiency, and precise agricultural management.

The development of crop science requires more rapid and accurate access to field-based crop phenotypes. Remote sensing provides a novel solution to quantify crop structural and functional traits in a timely, rapid, non-invasive, and efficient manner.

View Research Topic
4 | AI Empowered Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering

This Research Topic highlights significant advancements in AI applications for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular healthcare. It also showcases how AI technology can enhance diagnosis, treatment, risk prediction, and rehabilitation for these diseases through extensive data analysis.

Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases remain major global health challenges, significantly contributing to disabilities and mortality. Advances in machine learning, deep learning, computational power, and algorithms have made swift dataset analysis possible. Consequently, AI integration into healthcare is gaining significant attention, with physicians increasingly relying on AI tools for improved diagnosis, intervention guidance, and therapy monitoring.

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Tuesday, October 29, 2024

10 climate insights to guide our future








A group of globally renowned social, natural and climate scientists has once again convened to offer their newest annual synthesis report, “10 New Insights in Climate Science.”

The report, published Oct. 28 as a tool to be used in climate policy negotiations around the world, including the international climate conference COP29, provides input on recent advances in climate change research and key opportunities for impactful climate action.

The report — jointly produced by Future Earth, The Earth League and the World Climate Research Programme — highlights the policy implications that can inform climate negotiations and policy through 2025 and beyond.

"The urgency to respond to climate change has never been clearer,” said Peter Schlosser, vice president and vice provost of Global Futures at Arizona State University and co-chair of The Earth League. “Every degree of warming, every delay in action, accelerates the transition from climate crisis to climate catastrophe. We have to translate our existing knowledge to action much faster to preserve Earth’s life-supporting systems and bring humanity back to a state where it is in balance with the Earth system on which it depends.”

In addition to his role as co-chair of The Earth League, Schlosser serves as the director of the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory at ASU. The Secretariat of The Earth League is distributed among the Global Futures Laboratory, the Climate Service Center Germany at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany.

The report urges policymakers attending the COP29 conference to reflect on these insights as they conduct the latest iteration of climate negotiations for the coming year. The timing of the report also coincides with the approaching renewal of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Under the Paris Agreement, the NDCs are submitted every five years detailing each participating country’s plan to combat rising temperatures.

This year’s 10 insights are:Methane levels are surging. Enforceable policies for emission reductions are essential.
Reductions in air pollution have implications for mitigation and adaptation given complex aerosol-climate interactions.
Increasing heat is making more of the planet uninhabitable.
Climate extremes are harming maternal and reproductive well-being.
Concerns about El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation with an increasingly warm ocean.
Biocultural diversity can bolster the Amazon’s resilience against climate change.
Critical infrastructure is increasingly exposed to climate hazards, with risk of cascading disruption across interconnected networks.
New frameworks for climate-resilient development in cities provide decision-makers with ideas for unlocking co-benefits.
Closing governance gaps in the energy transition minerals global value chain is crucial for a just and equitable energy transition.
Public acceptance of (or resistance to) climate policies crucially depends on perceptions of fairness.

The scientific evidence that guides this year’s report was published between January 2023 and June 2024 — a range of time that was particularly saturated with record-shattering temperatures. According to the report, it is highly probable that 2024 will become the warmest year on record. The third insight, focused on heat, warns that there are currently 600 million people living outside of “habitable climatic conditions,” with an estimated 10% of the global population to join that demographic with each additional degree (Celsius) of future warming.

"Global temperature records continue to break, pushing the Paris Agreement's goals further out of reach and exacerbating threats to maternal health,” said Jemilah Mahmood, executive director of the Sunway Centre for Planetary Health. Mahmood served as an editorial board member on this year’s report. “This is particularly acute in climate-vulnerable nations as it’s compounded with limited access to education and low incomes, in addition to the breakdown of critical infrastructure, which further compromises food security, sanitation and health care services.”

While higher temperatures can be felt by all, people are not uniformly affected by heat. Conditions such as age, medication use, access to cooling resources or the presence of preexisting conditions can significantly alter a person’s reaction to extreme temperatures.

“Preparedness for heat extremes, including early warning systems, must be a priority at the national and regional scale. Without action, the consequences could be catastrophic,” Mahmood said. “Without systemic shifts, future generations will be impacted.”

Both livelihood and financial threats are considered in “10 New Insights In Climate Science.” According to the report, the projected additional global economic losses due to increases in the warming weather pattern of El Niño’s frequency — partnered with intensity resulting from global warming — could be almost $100 trillion over the 21st century.


“This report confirms that the world faces planetary scale challenges, from the rise of methane emissions to the vulnerability of critical infrastructure,” said Johan Rockström, director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and co-chair of The Earth League. “It shows that rising heat, ocean instability and a tipping of the Amazon rainforest could push parts of our planet beyond habitable limits. Yet, it also provides clear pathways and solutions, demonstrating that with urgent, decisive action, we still can avoid unmanageable outcomes.”

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Monday, October 28, 2024

NASA alerts strange X and C-shaped particles near Earth disturbing global communications









The NASA-orchestrated research initiative GOLD mission has observed that strange anomalies resembling alphabets and floating in space may be impacting global communication signals and disrupting navigation.


In the mysterious space of the ionosphere, scientists had long back spotted X and C-shaped charged particles.


NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Centre's research scientist Jeffrey Klenzing said that this discovery will help scientists understand the complex atmosphere of the Earth.


When the geomagnetic storm occurred on May 10, it was observed that GPS guidance systems faced difficulties, as claimed by the tractor company John Deere.


“During solar storms, that signal hits a ‘fog’ of charged particles and can be lost,” said Tim Marquis, who is a senior product manager at John Deere.


These kinds of disruptions can widely impact communications and also disturb the GPS signals which are important in fields like agriculture, shipping, transportation, and construction.


“There could be life-threatening impacts due to the sudden loss of GPS signals in aircraft, ships, and automobiles, which is even scary to imagine,” said Karan, who is the lead author of the study on C-shaped particles.

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Saturday, October 26, 2024

43 papers of a former CSIR scientist retracted




Papers of Ashok Pandey of CSIR-NIIST in Thiruvananthapuram and CSIR-IITR in Lucknow published in the journal Bioresources Technology, where he served as editor-in-chief, have been retracted

Forty-three papers of Ashok Pandey who retired from the Thiruvanthapuram-based National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) and now associated with the Lucknow-based Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) that were published in an Elsevier journal Bioresources Technology have been retracted. PubPeer, a website that allows researchers to discuss and review scientific research after publication, has listed all the 43 retracted papers.


As per a reliable source at CSIR-IITR lab, Dr. Pandey retired from CSIR-NIIST in 2015 and has been an industry-sponsored distinguished scientist at CSIR-IITR since 2018. His tenure as an industry-sponsored distinguished scientist was first renewed in 2020 and again in August 2023 for a period of three years subject to condition that his annual performance be assessed each year and renewed for the remaining period. The next annual performance review will be in August this year. Prior to CSIR-IITR, he was an industry-sponsored distinguished scientist at the Mohali-based DBT lab — Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB).


Dr. Pandey was made the editor-in-chief of the journal in 2011. Prior to this, Dr. Pandey served as the executive editor of the journal. While two retracted papers published in 2009 and 2010 were when Dr. Pandey was the executive editor, the remaining papers were published while he was the editor-in-chief of the journal.

Twenty-three papers that have been retracted were published when Dr. Pandey was working at CSIR-NIIST, while 13 retracted papers were published when Dr. Pandey has been associated with CSIR-IITR, and four retracted papers were published when he was with CIAB.

The reasons cited in most of the retraction notices published by the journal are that Dr. Pandey handled the review of the initial submission of the manuscript either in the capacity of the executive editor or the editor-in-chief and had required a revision of the manuscript. Dr. Pandey’s name was added as a coauthor when the revised version was submitted by the authors without any explanation. While in a couple of instances, the manuscript was assigned to a different editor before it was eventually accepted for publication, in four instances, Dr. Pandey was listed as an author on the original submission of the paper but his name was removed from the authorship list at some stage and hence the published paper does not contain his name. However, in all the four instances, he continued to handle the review process, eventually accepting the paper for publication.

But in the case of 35 published papers that are now retracted, Dr. Pandey was involved in the initial review and continued to handle the review process even after the revised version with his name added as a coauthor was submitted. “Review of the initial submission of this paper was handled by the then journal editor-in-chief (Ashok Pandey) and revision required. Upon submission of the revised version, the journal editor-in-chief was added as a co-author and the editor-in-chief continued to handle the review process, eventually accepting the paper for publication. This compromised the editorial process and breached the journal’s policies,” says the retraction notice in all the 35 papers.


“This article has been retracted at the request of Elsevier’s Research Integrity & Publishing Ethics team and an independent ethics advisor. A journal-wide investigation identified violations of the journal’s policies on authorship and conflict of interest related to the submission and review of this paper,” the retraction note says.

An editor-in-chief of a Springer journal tells The Hindu that a journal manager handles the editorial process, checks for plagiarism in the manuscript, and raises a flag in case of any conflict of interest such as a journal editor also being listed as a coauthor before assigning the manuscript to the editor-in-chief. “This is the general practice in all journals by all publishers,” he says. The retraction notice does not make any mention of the role and lapses of the journal manager and lays all the blame on Dr. Pandey, he says.

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Thursday, October 24, 2024

Never on a Sunday! Is there a best day for submitting an article for publication?









In 2017, myself and Guillaume Cabanac published the results from our examination of the electronic records for over 11,000 manuscripts submitted to the British Journal of Educational Technology (BJET) between 2005 and 2014.

The data we assessed (amongst others) were the dates of the original submissions, the dates that selected papers were sent to the referees, the dates that the referees returned their reports with their recommendations (e.g., accept, minor revisions, major revisions, revise and resubmit, and reject) and – if appropriate – the dates of resubmissions and revised manuscripts.

Inadvertently, of course, this data also disclosed the days of the week when these operations were carried out.

Our results showed that the number of submissions (n = 6130), either initial or revised, declined steadily throughout the week, with Monday being the most frequent (18%) and Saturdays and Sundays the least frequent (7 and 9%).

Credit: Rawpixel/Getty Images

In 2017, myself and Guillaume Cabanac published the results from our examination of the electronic records for over 11,000 manuscripts submitted to the British Journal of Educational Technology (BJET) between 2005 and 2014.

The data we assessed (amongst others) were the dates of the original submissions, the dates that selected papers were sent to the referees, the dates that the referees returned their reports with their recommendations (e.g., accept, minor revisions, major revisions, revise and resubmit, and reject) and – if appropriate – the dates of resubmissions and revised manuscript

Inadvertently, of course, this data also disclosed theof the week when these operations were carried out.

Our results showed that the number of submissions (n = 6130), either initial or revised, declined steadily throughout the week, with Monday being the most frequent (18%) and Saturdays and Sundays the leastfrequent (7 and 9%).

Unfortunately, we did not analyze at that time whether or not there were any differences between the acceptance rates for papers submitted on these different days of the week.

However, other investigators have done just this.

In 2016, Marcel Ausloos and his colleagues, for instance, reported on their examination of the relationship, if any, between the days of submission and acceptance of 596 papers published by the Serbian Chemical Society in 2013-14.

These investigators found a Tuesday to Wednesday effect. Most papers were submitted on a Wednesday but a higher proportion of the ones submitted on a Tuesday were accepted.

And, as in our own study reported above, Ausloos et al (2016) also found that the greatest proportion of rejected manuscripts were submitted on a Saturday or a Sunday.

More recently Boja et al (2018) examined the days of the week for the submissions of 178,427 accepted papers to the science journals Physica A, PLOS ONE, Nature and Cell.

There have in fact been several studies of such variables (see here for references) but there have been no clear cut findings in these studies with respect to submission dates. In 2017 Ausloos et al re-analysed their 2016 data and rejected the notion that there might be a seasonal effect – or a teaching/vacation split in their data.

Similarly, Boja et al did not find any significant effects for different seasons or different continents, although significantly more papers were submitted during the Christmas period.

So there we have it. The authors in all of the studies reported above find a similar finding.

This is to the effect that papers submitted at weekends are less successful than papers submitted during the week and there are few, if any, seasonal effects. Just why this should be so is not clear.

But I for one, will submit this paper to the LSE Blog on a Tuesday.

James Hartley is Emeritus Professor of Psychology in the School of Psychology, Keele University, UK

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Wednesday, October 23, 2024

SpaceX’s Starlink May Be Crippling Vital Research, Scientists Say









Astronomy gave us GPS, WiFi and medical imaging, but the spillover from space exploration to everyday life is under threat if mega-constellations of satellites continue to launch. That's according to a new study by radio astronomers that reveals that the new second generation of SpaceX Starlink satellites emits 32 times more radio interference than first generation hardware.


Radio Astronomy

Starlink is SpaceX’s service that offers broadband access using low-orbit satellites. Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics in September, the paper’s authors used the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) radio telescope, which has antennae in seven countries. It’s the largest radio telescope operating at the lowest frequencies that can be observed from Earth.


“Without mitigations, very soon the only constellations we will see will be human-made,” said Professor Jessica Dempsey, general and scientific director of ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy. “We have the solutions for this symbiosis in space as well – we just need the regulators to support us and the industry to meet us halfway.
Effect Of Starlink Satellites

While the first generation of Starlink satellites emits radio waves that can hinder astronomical observations, say the researchers, the new ‘V2-mini’ Starlink satellites emit far more unintended electromagnetic radiation (UEMR). “Compared to the faintest astrophysical sources that we observe with LOFAR, UEMR from Starlink satellites is 10 million times brighter,” said Cees Bassa at ASTRON and the lead author of the study. “This difference is similar to the faintest stars visible to the naked eye and the brightness of the full Moon. Since SpaceX is launching about 40 second-generation Starlink satellites every week, this problem is becoming increasingly worse.”
Mega-Constellations Are Growing

SpaceX currently has 6,413 Starlink satellites in orbit, according to the website of astronomer Jonathan McDowell, who tracks them. About a third of them are second-gen. However, there are plans to make Starlink a constellation of as many as 42,000. SpaceX is also not the only company that wants to offer broadband access anywhere on the planet using low-orbit satellites.

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Tuesday, October 22, 2024

Scientific research cooperation: Why collaborate in science? Benefits and examples



How does scientific research and cooperation bring peace and progress to humankind? 6 examples of initiatives supported by UNESCO: CERN, ICTP...





The need for a stronger scientific collaboration


It was one of the longest-standing enigmas in art history. For centuries, no one had been able to say for sure that a Madonna and Child painting, often attributed to Raphael, had been directly created by the great Renaissance master himself.

During that time, the painting had changed hands many times. It became the property of popes, was looted by Napoleon during the Italian campaign and in the 1930s ended up in a private collection in Prague, disappearing from public view.

The painting lay almost forgotten until 2020, when a robotic scanner using a particle detector developed at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, confirmed the brushstrokes on the canvas were indeed Raphael’s.

The authentication of Raphael’s painting through particle detection is just one of the many scientific discoveries that have moved from CERN’s laboratories in Switzerland to daily life, along with the World Wide Web and medical scanners.

Since its foundation in 1954 under the auspices of UNESCO, the complex – one of the largest scientific facilities on earth – has been home to scientists, engineers and students from CERN’s 21 Member States and visiting scholars from other countries.

More than six decades later, CERN has become one the most striking examples of successful scientific cooperation in the world. Its birth was one of the first large initiatives in science and science diplomacy at UNESCO, as well as a diplomatic answer to seek the peaceful benefits of atomic energy after the destruction caused by WW2. Today, CERN has become a model for cooperation in terms of research, embodying the ‘one-earth’ approach that the world needs to tackle the global challenges we are facing.
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Monday, October 21, 2024

Life on Mars? NASA research hints at possible alien presence on the red planet












The possibility of extraterrestrial life has confounded mankind for centuries. With technological advancements, astronomers and scientists are indeed using the best of innovation to trace any signs of life, but nothing has bore fruit yet. 

However, some new research seems to state that we may be closer to cracking this mystery of a lifetime.

The new Nasa research suggests that conditions for photosynthesis may exist below the dusty ice at Mars’ mid-latitudes regions. 

For the uninitiated, mid-latitudes of Mars are essentially areas between 30 degrees and 60 degrees latitude in both hemispheres. 

These regions are believed to contain a lot of water ice in the subsurface, preserved under lithic materials that can be thick by several meters.

Photosynthesis is essentially a process that lets plants, algae, and some bacteria convert sunlight into carbon dioxide, and water into oxygen and glucose. 

Photosynthesis is responsible for generating much of Earth’s atmospheric oxygen. The research proposes that an adequately thick layer of ics on Mars may work as a shield against the Sun’s hash radiation at the same time allowing enough light for photosynthesis leading to the creation of ‘radiative habitable zones’.

The paper’s lead author, Aditya Khuller of Nasa’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said that if we are to find life anywhere in the universe today, the Martian ice exposures are probably one of the most accessible places.
 
The research does not explicitly state that life exists or ever existed on the planet. However, the study offers some new insights into possible areas to explore. 


Earth and Mars exist in the ‘habitable zone’ of the Sun with temperatures that allow for water to exist. Earth has oceans covering over 70 per cent of its surface, however, Mars remains dry. 

Nasa’s Mars missions have earlier shown proof of ancient liquid water on the red planet. These were gauged from the dry lake beds, and presence of water ice in unexplored areas.

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Saturday, October 19, 2024

‘Doomsday Swarm’ Hides 14 Large Asteroids That Could Hit Earth In Future, Scientists Say








Up to 14, possibly “kilometer-class” space rocks could lurk within a long-feared stream of space debris known to drift near Earth. However, a recent hunt for large asteroids within the Taurid Swarm, dubbed the “Doomsday” asteroid swarm, revealed fewer than astronomers expected.

“Fortunately, we found that it’s likely there may only be a handful of asteroids — perhaps only nine to 14 of them — that fit this large size class in the swarm,” said Quanzhi Ye, an assistant research scientist in the Department of Astronomy at the University of Maryland, who supervised the project.


If the relatively small number of dangerous asteroids close to Earth is reassuring in some ways, the researchers think their findings underscore the need for vigilance and better detection capabilities.


Rare Opportunity

The scientists used the Zwicky Transient Facility telescope at the Palomar Observatory, California, to survey the night sky for evidence of massive space rocks in the Taurid swarm.


“We took advantage of a rare opportunity when this swarm of asteroids passed closer to Earth, allowing us to more efficiently search for objects that could threaten our planet,” said Ye. “Our findings suggest that the risk of being hit by a large asteroid in the Taurid swarm is much lower than we believed, which is great news for planetary defense.”
Taurid Swarm

What astronomers fear most when it comes to planetary defense is the Taurid swarm, a vast stream of material in the solar system that Earth slowly moves through every year as it orbits the sun. It's suspected of containing the remains of a 100-kilometer (62-mile) wide asteroid or comet called 2P/Encke that broke up about 20,000 to 30,000 years ago, with some of those remains possibly “kilometer-class” space rocks.

“Judging from our findings, the parent object that originally created the swarm was probably closer to 10 kilometers in diameter rather than a massive 100-kilometer object,” said Ye. “While we still need to be vigilant about asteroid impacts, we can probably sleep better knowing these results.”
‘Halloween Fireballs’

The Taurid Swarm is best known for producing two annual meteor showers, which are perfectly safe. The Southern Taurids peak on Nov. 5 while the Northern Taurids peak on Nov. 12, with about five “shooting stars”" expected per hour around midnight on each occasion.

Since both have reasonably long peak rates, their shooting stars can often be seen in late October, giving them the nickname “Halloween fireballs.”


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Friday, October 18, 2024

FSU research improves hurricane intensity forecasting






The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s GOES-East satellite captured this image of Hurricane Michael as it came ashore near Mexico Beach, Florida on Oct. 10, 2018. According to the National Hurricane Center, Michael intensified before landfall with maximum sustained winds of 160 mph, heavy rainfall and deadly storm surge. (Courtesy of NOAA)


Hurricanes are massive, complex systems that can span hundreds of miles as they swirl around the low pressure of the storm’s eye. In such a complicated situation, predicting how powerful a hurricane will grow is a difficult undertaking.

A new collaboration between researchers in South Korea and Florida State University is improving hurricane forecasting by incorporating the effects of sea spray into the models that predict hurricane behavior. The work was published in Environmental Research Letters

“We know forecasts predicting hurricane tracks are pretty good most of the time, but the intensity forecasts have traditionally not been as good, and we’re trying to figure out why,” said Mark Bourassa, a professor in the FSU Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science and paper co-author.

As hurricanes churn through the ocean, wind and waves at the surface disperse droplets of water into the air, known as sea spray. As these droplets of warm water evaporate, they cool while releasing heat and moisture into the atmosphere near the ocean surface. The heat lifts more moisture-laden air, a process that powers hurricanes.

The researchers looked at data from probes dropped by hurricane hunter airplanes and found there was a lot more thermal energy being transferred from the ocean into the air than they expected. That pointed to a potentially overlooked feature that was influencing storm intensity.

Previous studies into the role of sea spray in hurricane intensification relied on proxy measurements such as wind speed to approximate how sea spray reduces drag, which also increases the intensity in modeled storms. But those simplifications didn’t capture how spray increased the energy fueling storms, especially for wind speeds greater than 20 meters per second.

The weather model used by South Korean and FSU researchers included a wave model to provide greater accuracy for sea spray production and incorporated changes in the heat and moisture transferred to the atmosphere.

“It’s an amazing amount of energy that we’ve been missing in these storms,” Bourassa said. “When we incorporated data showing how sea spray changes the flow of heat and moisture in a storm, we found that intensity forecasts were remarkably better than they were when we ran the same model without that single change.”

To validate their findings, the research team analyzed four major Atlantic Ocean hurricanes — Ida (2021), Harvey (2017), Michael (2018), and Ian (2022) — which caused significant damage in the United States. With the help of colleagues in Korea, they also examined four Pacific Ocean typhoons.

Existing science is typically reliable at predicting a hurricane’s path, but meteorologists want to refine their modeling to better understand and forecast the intensity of storms. This research suggests that operational models could be modified to provide better intensity forecasts.

Future research motivated by this paper could focus on rapid intensification of storms, Bourassa said, helping to add another piece to the complicated puzzle that is hurricane forecasting.

Research team members from FSU were Chaehyeon Chelsea Nam, an assistant professor in the Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science; DW Shin and Steven Cocke, research scientists at the FSU Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies; Sinil Yang of the APEC Climate Center, Republic of Korea; Dong-Hyun Cha of Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology; and Baek-Min Kim of Pukyong National University, Republic of Korea.

This research was supported by the Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries of Korea, the Korea Environment Industry & Technology Institute, Korea Ministry of Environment, the National Research Foundation of Korea, and the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program.

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Wednesday, October 16, 2024

8-hour time-restricted eating linked to a 91% higher risk of cardiovascular death










The research authors have shared their full poster presentation for updated details about their research abstract. Please see the digital file attached, under additional resources below, for these details.
The most current statistics, reviewed and confirmed by the research authors, are in the poster (please see the digital file attached, under additional resources below) and the news release.
As with any new science development, patients should always consult with their doctor prior to making changes to their health regimens.

As noted in all American Heart Association scientific meetings news releases, research abstracts are considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.

Research Highlights:A study of over 20,000 adults found that those who followed an 8-hour time-restricted eating schedule, a type of intermittent fasting, had a 91% higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease.
People with heart disease or cancer also had an increased risk of cardiovascular death.
Compared with a standard schedule of eating across 12-16 hours per day, limiting food intake to less than 8 hours per day was not associated with living longer.

Embargoed until 3 p.m. CT/4 p.m. ET, Monday, March 18, 2024

CHICAGO, March 18, 2024 — An analysis of over 20,000 U.S. adults found that people who limited their eating across less than 8 hours per day, a time-restricted eating plan, were more likely to die from cardiovascular disease compared to people who ate across 12-16 hours per day, according to preliminary research presented at the American Heart Association’s Epidemiology and Prevention│Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Scientific Sessions 2024, March 18- 21, in Chicago. The meeting offers the latest science on population-based health and wellness and implications for lifestyle.

Time-restricted eating, a type of intermittent fasting, involves limiting the hours for eating to a specific number of hours each day, which may range from a 4- to 12-hour time window in 24 hours. Many people who follow a time-restricted eating diet follow a 16:8 eating schedule, where they eat all their foods in an 8-hour window and fast for the remaining 16 hours each day, the researchers noted. Previous research has found that time-restricted eating improves several cardiometabolic health measures, such as blood pressure, blood glucose and cholesterol levels.

“Restricting daily eating time to a short period, such as 8 hours per day, has gained popularity in recent years as a way to lose weight and improve heart health,” said senior study author Victor Wenze Zhong, Ph.D., a professor and chair of the department of epidemiology and biostatistics at the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine in Shanghai, China. “However, the long-term health effects of time-restricted eating, including risk of death from any cause or cardiovascular disease, are unknown.”

In this study, researchers investigated the potential long-term health impact of following an 8-hour time-restricted eating plan. They reviewed information about dietary patterns for participants in the annual 2003-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) in comparison to data about people who died in the U.S., from 2003 through December 2019, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Death Index database.

The analysis found:People who followed a pattern of eating all of their food across less than 8 hours per day had a 91% higher risk of death due to cardiovascular disease.
The increased risk of cardiovascular death was also seen in people living with heart disease or cancer.
Among people with existing cardiovascular disease, an eating duration of no less than 8 but less than 10 hours per day was also associated with a 66% higher risk of death from heart disease or stroke.
Time-restricted eating did not reduce the overall risk of death from any cause.
An eating duration of more than 16 hours per day was associated with a lower risk of cancer mortality among people with cancer.

“We were surprised to find that people who followed an 8-hour, time-restricted eating schedule were more likely to die from cardiovascular disease. Even though this type of diet has been popular due to its potential short-term benefits, our research clearly shows that, compared with a typical eating time range of 12-16 hours per day, a shorter eating duration was not associated with living longer,” Zhong said.

“It’s crucial for patients, particularly those with existing heart conditions or cancer, to be aware of the association between an 8-hour eating window and increased risk of cardiovascular death. Our study’s findings encourage a more cautious, personalized approach to dietary recommendations, ensuring that they are aligned with an individual’s health status and the latest scientific evidence,” he continued. “Although the study identified an association between an 8-hour eating window and cardiovascular death, this does not mean that time-restricted eating caused cardiovascular death.”

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Tuesday, October 15, 2024

From forecasting storms to designing molecules: How new AI foundation models can speed up scientific discovery









People have always looked for patterns to explain the universe and to predict the future. “Red sky at night, sailor’s delight. Red sky in morning, sailor’s warning” is an adage predicting the weather.

AI is very good at seeing patterns and making predictions. Now, Microsoft researchers are working to apply “foundation models” – large-scale models that take advantage of recent AI advances – to scientific disciplines. These models are trained on a wide variety of data and can excel at many tasks, in contrast to more specialized models. They have the potential to generate answers in a fraction of the time traditionally required and help solve more sophisticated problems.

Some of the wildly different scientific disciplines that are promising for advancement through AI include materials science, climate science and healthcare and life sciences. Experts say foundation models tailored to these disciplines will speed up the process of scientific discovery, allowing them to more quickly create practical things like medications, new materials or more accurate weather forecasts but also to better understand atoms, the human body or the Earth. Currently, many of these models are still under development at Microsoft Research, and the first, a weather model called Aurora, is already available.

“AI is a tool in your arsenal that can support you,” said Bonnie Kruft, partner and deputy director at Microsoft Research who helps oversee its AI for Science lab. “The idea is that we’re working on very science-specific models rather than language-specific models. We’re seeing this amazing opportunity to move beyond traditional human language-based large models into a new paradigm that employs mathematics and molecular simulations to create an even more powerful model for scientific discovery.”

Recent AI advances that have allowed people to plan parties or generate graphic presentations with a few conversational prompts or get instant summaries of meetings they’ve missed were initially powered by a new class of AI models known as large language models (LLMs). This type of foundation model is trained on huge amounts of text to perform a wide variety of language-related tasks. Now, Microsoft researchers are discovering how some of these same AI architectures and approaches can fuel advances in scientific discovery.

“Large language models have two remarkable properties that are very useful. The first one is, of course, they can generate and can understand human language, so they provide a wonderful human interface to very sophisticated technologies. But the other property of large language models – and I think this came as a big surprise to many of us – is that they can function as effective reasoning engines. And, of course, that’s going to be very useful in scientific discovery,” said Chris Bishop, technical fellow and director of Microsoft Research AI for Science, at a keynote to the Microsoft Research Forum earlier this year.

At first, AI researchers thought that very specific models trained to perform a narrow task – like the ones that could win at chess or backgammon (but not both), or those that could translate languages or transcribe recordings (but not both) – would outperform larger generalized models like LLMs. But the opposite turned out to be true – there was no need to train one model to answer questions or summarize research about law, another in physics and another in Shakespeare because one large, generalized model was able to outperform across different subjects and tasks. Now, researchers are investigating the possibility that foundation models can do the same for science.

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Monday, October 14, 2024

Global Challenges, Global Solutions: How Science Diplomacy Could Reshape Research Publishing Reform


















Global challenges call for global solutions—imagine the chaos if there was no international cooperation on climate change or trade. Yet, despite the fact that every nation funds, conducts, and benefits from research together worth $1 trillion, our research publishing system remains deeply flawed, with scant global collaboration to fix it. In our digitally interconnected world, where AI is rapidly advancing, sharing research should be easier than ever, supercharging progress and global prosperity. However, this potential is stifled by a publishing industry dominated by corporate interests that restricts access for millions of researchers who can't afford to pay. Although some strides have been made in reforming publishing payment models and engaging with individuals and institutions to improve Open Access, high-level diplomatic and political cooperation has been largely ignored. This needs to change. But how?

Building on our previous CGD policy paper on research publishing reform and the G20, this blog introduces a new vision for research reform and a novel theory of change based on science diplomacy to achieve it. This is further expanded upon in our CGD policy paper, How Science Diplomacy Can Reshape Global Research Publishing: A Theory of Change.
A united vision for research publishing reform

Effective research publishing reform requires a clear vision that stakeholders can unite behind. However, many existing visions for publishing reform are confusing, especially for policymakers and civil society actors who are unfamiliar with the academic jargon. We present a clear and consolidated vision, focusing on three core publishing system characteristics: accessibility, quality, and usability and three core domains of change: financing, infrastructure, and governance models.

We envision a research publishing system which is more effective at spreading knowledge and more inclusive. Research should be free to read, easy and affordable to publish, available quickly, stored safely, and accessible in many languages. Research should balance quick sharing with scientific good practice. Quality should be judged based on open, transparent peer review, not on journal prestige or impact factors. Finally, research should be easy to use, adapt, and share through open licensing requirements and more flexible formats beyond PDFs that are more fitting for the online and generative AI era.

To achieve this, financing, infrastructure, and governance models must be reformed. The research publishing system is currently fee-based and flagrantly profit-driven, creating significant barriers for researchers and readers. We need a model that fosters immediate access, affordability and long-term sustainability, based on fair profit and the public good, with costs covered mostly by funders and research institutions, not individuals.
How science diplomacy can help us achieve our vision

Research publishing is a global system and proper reform will require sustained, high-level global leadership and cooperation. This will be no easy feat. We will need leadership to mobilise for action and diplomacy to negotiate trade-offs and competing incentives. We’ve created a theory of change to outline how science diplomacy can be harnessed in service of research publishing reform (Figure 1). The framework highlights how stakeholders can support and influence policy makers and science diplomats and tracks the process of change through from agenda setting to impact.

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Saturday, October 12, 2024

11 Artificial Intelligence, 6 quantum projects get $2 million in research grants











Eleven research project on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and six projects to research quantum projects will receive nearly $1,20,000 each, totalling over $2 million in grants for joint research and development.

The awards were announced at an event hosted by US Ambassador to India Eric Garcetti, who was accompanied by Dr Seth Center, Acting Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging Technologies at the US Department of State.



India’s Minister of State for Science and Technology Jitendra Singh and Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology Abhay Karandikar, along with Principal Science Adviser to the Government of India Ajay Sood, along with the leadership of the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF), were at the event to celebrate the announcement of 17 winners for joint research, development, and commercialisation projects under the USISTEF 'Quantum Technologies and AI for Transforming Lives' grant competition.

The proposals of the 17 researchers, who have been given grants, will leverage AI and quantum technologies to address critical challenges for societal impact, such as AI-assisted early cancer detection and quantum components to enable scalable quantum computers. The event marks progress in joint research and development in quantum technologies and AI under the US-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET).



The two countries also announced over $1 million in support for a new USISTEF grant for US-India joint research, development, and commercialisation in advanced materials and critical minerals. The grant programme will expand collaboration between US and Indian universities, national laboratories, and private sector researchers.

The US Ambassador said, 'India and the US have a vision of technology that can connect and protect their people and be used as a force for good. The endowment fund is bringing together innovators because, as I often say, the Indian dream is the flip side of the American dream, and vice versa, and we really like each other.'



Dr Center applauded the AI and quantum awardees saying, 'Partnership between the United States and India is key to shaping the future of these and other emerging technologies.'

The USISTEF grant competition complements broader US-India cooperation in AI and quantum under iCET, such as the second meeting of the Quantum Coordination Mechanism in Washington in August, and bilateral research and development cooperation via the US National Science Foundation’s implementation arrangements with India’s Department of Science and Technology and Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.



Since 2009, the Department of State-supported USISTEF has funded US-India joint applied research and development projects for social good through technology commercialisation.


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Thursday, October 10, 2024

Mercer receives $116,000 NSF grant for material science research











MACON — Mercer University has been awarded $116,349 in federal funds through the National Science Foundation (NSF) for research equipment that will help advance material science research and teaching.

Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Dr. Dorina Mihut said the grant “will also significantly expand faculty and students’ experimental participation to multiple research projects and training from mechanical, biomedical, environmental and civil engineering, broadening the participation of underrepresented groups.”

The grant will be used to acquire precision tools to conduct cutting-edge research, including an ultra-high accuracy digital microscope that will promote multidisciplinary research for developing antimicrobial-coated materials.

“The digital microscope will facilitate fundamental studies of erosion, abrasion and their effects on materials’ surfaces,” said Dr. Mihut. “Understanding and preventing erosion and abrasion is a serious concern for a variety of industries, including aerospace and the oil and gas industry.”

U.S. Congressman Sanford D. Bishop, Jr., who represents Middle and Southwest Georgia, shared news of the NSF grant and said, “Mercer University faculty and students are part of our country’s best and brightest. I am glad to see the National Science Foundation helping support research that can have broad applicatons across several industries.”

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