Sustainable development is crucial for achieving a balance between economic growth, social well-being, and environmental preservation. This study aims to evaluate the dimensions of natural resource management, environmental protection, and agricultural economics for promoting sustainable development in China. In this regard, the fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR) approaches are used for the analysis. The hybrid approach combines the benefits of fuzzy logic and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques, allowing for the consideration of uncertainties and imprecise data in decision-making. The study incorporates six criteria, twenty-four sub-criteria, and five strategies in a comprehensive evaluation framework. According to the results obtained using the fuzzy AHP method, it is evident that the primary criteria influencing sustainable development in China are economic viability, policy and governance, and environmental impact. Within these criteria, specific sub-criteria such as cost-effectiveness, policy alignment, air quality, and social inclusion emerge as key areas of focus. Furthermore, the results of the fuzzy VIKOR method show that investing in research and innovation, strengthening environmental regulations, and strengthening climate change adaptation are the most suited strategies to guide sustainable development efforts. To ensure sustainable development in China, policymakers need to give importance to implementing strategies stressing research and innovation, strengthened environmental regulations, and enhanced climate change adaptation.
In recent years, the global focus on sustainable development has increased significantly due to the growing acknowledgment of the interdependence among economic growth, environmental preservation, and social well-being (Du and Wang, 2023; Feng et al., 2023; United Nations, 2023). Attaining sustainable development necessitates proficient management of natural resources, safeguarding the environment, and advocating for sustainable practices across diverse sectors, including agriculture (Yue et al., 2021). As the second most populous country and the world's second-largest economy, China confronts substantial challenges in the pursuit of sustainable development (Yang et al., 2022). The country's rapid industrialization and urbanization have put tremendous pressure on its natural resources, environment, and agricultural sector (Solangi et al., 2020; Yue et al., 2021). To tackle these challenges, there is a need for effective and comprehensive evaluation methods to assess the performance of natural resource management, environmental protection, and agricultural economics in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). The research undertaken in this study on sustainable development in China is consistent with several specific SDGs such as poverty reduction (SDG 1), food security (SDG 2), public health improvement (SDG 3), clean water access (SDG 6), affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), and climate action (SDG 13).
China has experienced environmental and natural resource degradation due to its remarkable economic expansion in recent decades (Wu and Lin, 2022). Rapid industrial expansion, urban sprawl, and intensive farming methods have led to air and water pollution, soil degradation, deforestation, and biodiversity loss. These environmental challenges adversely affect long-term sustainable development, ecological balance, and public health. China has implemented various programs and regulations to promote sustainable development, including the Green Development Guidelines, the Ecological Civilization Construction Plan, and the Circular Economy Development Strategy. To ensure continual progress toward sustainable development goals, regular evaluations of the effectiveness and efficiency of these measures are essential (Liu et al., 2023; Luo et al., 2021).
A careful evaluation of the effectiveness of initiatives, policies, and practices pertaining to natural resource management, environmental protection, and agricultural economics is required (Borsatto and Bazani, 2021; Liu et al., 2023). Such evaluations would aid in determining areas for development by offering insights on the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and challenges of the current approaches (Duan and Xia, 2022). Traditional evaluation techniques frequently depend on quantitative indicators, which may exclude qualitative and subjective elements that are crucial for assessments of sustainable development. The hybrid fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique addresses the challenge by incorporating fuzzy logic, allowing for the consideration of uncertainties and imprecisions in decision-making (Solangi et al., 2020).
The main goal of this study is to assess China's agricultural economics, environmental protection, and resource management using a hybrid fuzzy MCDM approach based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR). Fuzzy logic's incorporation into MCDM techniques enables the consideration of the subjectivity and uncertainty present in sustainability evaluations. The fuzzy AHP method is used to evaluate the relative weight of each criterion and sub-criterion in terms of sustainable development in China and to come up with ideas for improving natural resource management, environmental protection, and agricultural economics. Moreover, the fuzzy VIKOR method is utilized to prioritize the key strategies for sustainable development in China. The results of this study are anticipated to promote efforts to achieve sustainable development in China by assisting in the formation of decisions and policies based on facts.
The importance of this research rests in its potential to advance agricultural economics, environmental protection, and natural resource management knowledge in the country. This research provides insightful findings for the policymakers and stakeholders to pinpoint successful initiatives, programs, and practices as well as those that need more attention and intervention by evaluating the effectiveness of various approaches. Furthermore, The findings could assist in determining the optimal approach to create and allocate financing mechanisms, ensuring the preservation of natural resources, protection of the environment, and enhancement of agricultural productivity in a fair and balanced manner. Therefore, it is critical to assess the efficacy and efficiency of natural resource management, environmental protection, and agricultural economics as China continues on its path toward sustainable development. Given the challenges involved in assessing sustainable development, the suggested hybrid fuzzy MCDM approach provides a thorough and reliable framework for analysis. The findings of this research can be used to direct policy interventions, resource allocation, and implementation strategies to develop long-term sustainability, enhance environmental quality, and promote social inclusion to ensure a more resilient and prosperous future for China.
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