EURAMET explains how European collaborative spintronics research is supporting future developments in electronics.
EURAMET European research projects are addressing the needs of industry through important developments in measurement science. These technical projects are accelerating the uptake of research results in many diverse areas, including the field of spintronics research. Spintronics is the science behind the magnetic technology that, for example, reads and writes data on the hard disk in your laptop. Smaller, faster, and more efficient electronic devices are a vital part of Europe’s economic growth and industrial innovation and could significantly contribute to aims for a reduction in CO2 emissions.
Spintronics, which uses a fundamental property, the intrinsic spin, of electrons to process information in a way that is analogous to charge in traditional electronics, holds potential to help meet such aims. From spin-based nanodevices that can combine computation with logic and non-volatile magnetic memory, to topologically protected spin structures that can effectively carry information; spintronics research offers scope for the development of energy efficient, next-generation electronic devices.
The European Association of National Metrology Institutes (EURAMET)
Researchers need robust measurement methods for reliably characterising fundamental quantum material properties as a precursor to introducing electron spin technologies into new applications. EURAMET’s collaborative research projects, each involving teams of scientists from multiple countries, are working in diverse fields of measurement science, or metrology, including spintronics and other quantum technologies.
EURAMET, the European Association of National Metrology Institutes, develops and disseminates an integrated, cost effective and internationally competitive measurement infrastructure for Europe – responding to the needs of industry, academic research groups, business and governments. To enhance the benefits of measurement to society, to enable a tangible impact that really makes a difference, is one of the highest priorities for EURAMET and its members. Measurement researchers collaborate to provide the high accuracy, low uncertainty measurements needed both now and in the future.
EURAMET’s European Metrology Research Programmes (EMRP and EMPIR) foster international collaboration, drive research excellence and address society’s grand challenges in areas including health, energy and the environment. So far, more than 300 joint research projects have brought together world-class measurement expertise in targeted projects to strengthen Europe’s position at the forefront of innovation and contribute to our economic prosperity.
Spintronics and quantum technologies at EURAMET
As an important field of applied physics that sits between conventional electronics and quantum mechanics, spintronics research makes use of the fundamental spin property of an electron to process information (see above). Quantum physics dictates that an electron possesses an intrinsic magnetic moment, the spin, that can either point ‘up’ or ‘down’. Spintronics utilises these two spin states (‘up’ or ‘down’) to represent zeros and ones in the same way that traditional electronics uses charge to relay binary data.
Notably, spintronics is considered to have key advantages compared to its conventional electronics counterpart, from the ability to store spin information robustly and permanently without the need of a continuous power supply, to the need for less energy to change a spin state versus generating an electric charge. These aspects make spintronic devices a particularly ‘green’ technology for data storage and data transfer applications.
Advancements in the field of spintronics have continually inspired the invention of ground-breaking new electronic devices for industry. In 2007, the discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics – a significant milestone that is commonly regarded as the birth of modern spintronics. Soon after the discovery, scientists successfully realised the potential of electron spin for increasing the rate and density of information-processing from hard disk drives. As a direct result of this fundamental research, every hard disk and tape storage system available today uses a spintronic head to read data.
At present, innovative and radical new device applications continue to be developed by scientists working in spintronics, where interest is growing in magnetic technologies that can enable high-density, low-power data storage in highly localised fields. The collaborative power of European metrology institutions working under EURAMET’s research programmes have led to important contributions to magnetic technologies, as well as other areas like nanoscale electronics and material characterisation for spintronic devices. While magnetic technologies at the nanoscale offer promising applications for data storage, there is still a need to bridge existing knowledge gaps in the field. In particular, there is a need for reliable techniques to measure fundamental new phenomena like the spin-Seebeck effect – where the complex interactions of electron spin and thermal gradients have been only recently observed to generate spin currents, resulting from just a change in the temperature across a ferromagnet.
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